Texture maps are images applied to 3D models to give them realistic surfaces and details. They can represent various surface qualities, such as color, patterns, and even roughness. By wrapping these images around a 3D object, artists can create the illusion of complex textures without increasing the model's geometric complexity. There are different types of texture maps, including diffuse maps, which define the base color, and normal maps, which simulate small surface details like bumps and grooves. These maps enhance the visual richness of 3D environments in video games, movies, and virtual reality, making them more immersive and lifelike.