Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses, the connections between neurons, to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity. This process is essential for learning and memory, as it allows the brain to adapt and reorganize itself based on experiences. When a synapse is repeatedly activated, it can become more efficient, making it easier for signals to pass between neurons. There are two main types of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP enhances synaptic strength, while LTD reduces it. These mechanisms help the brain store information and adjust to new experiences, playing a crucial role in cognitive functions.