Surfactant dysfunction disorders are conditions that affect the production or function of surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs. Surfactant is crucial for keeping the air sacs, or alveoli, open, allowing for efficient gas exchange. When surfactant is deficient or dysfunctional, it can lead to breathing difficulties and reduced oxygen levels in the blood. These disorders can be genetic, such as surfactant protein B deficiency, or acquired, like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Symptoms often include rapid breathing, low oxygen saturation, and respiratory distress. Treatment may involve supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or surfactant replacement therapy.