Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, are devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity. They work by absorbing photons from sunlight, which then excites electrons in the cell, creating an electric current. This technology is a key component in harnessing solar energy, making it a vital part of the transition to sustainable energy sources. The efficiency of solar cells has improved significantly over the years, with advancements in materials and design. Commonly made from silicon, solar cells can be found in various applications, from small calculators to large solar farms. As the demand for clean energy grows, solar cells play an essential role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting energy independence.