Sheaf cohomology is a mathematical tool used in algebraic geometry and topology to study the properties of sheaves, which are mathematical objects that systematically track local data attached to the open sets of a topological space. It provides a way to compute global sections of sheaves by examining their local behavior, allowing mathematicians to understand how local information can be extended to a global context. The concept is closely related to cohomology, a fundamental idea in topology that measures the shape and structure of spaces. Sheaf cohomology generalizes classical cohomology theories by incorporating the notion of sheaves, making it particularly useful for analyzing complex geometric structures, such as those found in algebraic varieties and manifolds.