Post-Soviet Russia refers to the period following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This era marked a significant transition from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. The country faced numerous challenges, including economic instability, political upheaval, and social changes as it sought to redefine its identity and governance. During this time, Boris Yeltsin became the first President of the Russian Federation, implementing reforms that aimed to privatize state-owned enterprises. However, these changes often led to economic hardship for many citizens. In the years that followed, Vladimir Putin emerged as a dominant political figure, shaping Russia's direction in the 21st century.