Plasticizers are substances added to materials, especially plastics, to increase their flexibility, workability, and durability. They help make rigid materials softer and more pliable, which is essential for various applications, including packaging, flooring, and toys. Common plasticizers include phthalates and adipates. These additives function by embedding themselves between the polymer chains in the plastic, reducing intermolecular forces and allowing the chains to move more freely. This process enhances the material's performance and longevity, making it suitable for everyday products. However, some plasticizers have raised health and environmental concerns, leading to ongoing research and regulation.