Photovoltaic devices, commonly known as solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are made from semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons, creating an electric current. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect. These devices are widely used in various applications, from small-scale gadgets like calculators to large solar power plants that supply electricity to homes and businesses. As renewable energy sources, photovoltaic devices contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable energy solutions. Their efficiency and cost-effectiveness continue to improve with advancements in technology.