Phosphatase and tensin homolog, commonly known as PTEN, is a crucial tumor suppressor gene that plays a significant role in regulating cell growth and division. It encodes an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins and lipids, which helps control various cellular processes, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This pathway is vital for cell survival and proliferation, and its dysregulation can lead to cancer. Mutations or deletions in the PTEN gene are associated with several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and endometrial cancers. By inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis, PTEN helps maintain normal cellular function and prevents uncontrolled cell proliferation. Understanding PTEN is essential for developing targeted cancer therapies.