A petroleum refinery is an industrial facility that processes crude oil into useful products. The main goal is to separate the various components of crude oil, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, through a series of chemical processes and physical separations. This transformation allows for the production of fuels and other materials that are essential for transportation, heating, and manufacturing. Refineries use complex equipment, including distillation columns and heat exchangers, to carry out these processes. The output products are then distributed to consumers and industries, playing a crucial role in the global energy supply chain and supporting economies worldwide.