Penetrating keratoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea. This operation is typically performed to improve vision or relieve pain caused by conditions such as corneal scarring, keratoconus, or corneal dystrophies. The surgery requires careful preparation and matching of the donor tissue to ensure compatibility. During the procedure, the surgeon removes the affected cornea and stitches the donor cornea into place. Recovery can take several months, and patients may need to use eye drops and follow specific care instructions to promote healing. Regular follow-up visits are essential to monitor the success of the transplant.