Sensors are devices that detect and respond to physical stimuli, such as light, heat, motion, or pressure. They convert these stimuli into signals that can be measured and analyzed, making them essential in various applications, from smartphones to industrial automation. In modern technology, sensors play a crucial role in enhancing user experiences and improving efficiency. For instance, temperature sensors are used in smart thermostats to optimize heating and cooling, while motion sensors are integral to security systems, ensuring safety in homes and businesses.