Optical methods refer to techniques that utilize light to analyze, measure, or manipulate materials and biological samples. These methods can include various forms of microscopy, spectroscopy, and imaging, which help scientists observe properties such as color, structure, and composition. Common applications are found in fields like biology, chemistry, and materials science. These techniques often rely on the interaction of light with matter, such as absorption, reflection, or refraction. For example, optical microscopy allows researchers to view small objects at high magnification, while spectroscopy can identify chemical substances based on their light absorption patterns.