Observational studies are research methods where scientists observe and record behaviors or outcomes without intervening or manipulating any variables. For example, researchers might study the eating habits of children in a school setting to see how these habits affect their health. This type of study helps identify patterns and correlations, but it cannot prove cause and effect. In observational studies, researchers often use surveys, interviews, or direct observations to gather data. These studies are valuable in fields like public health and sociology, as they provide insights into real-world situations. However, they can be limited by factors like bias and confounding variables.