Modern artistic movements refer to various styles and philosophies that emerged from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, reflecting changes in society, technology, and culture. Key movements include Impressionism, which focused on capturing light and color, and Cubism, pioneered by artists like Pablo Picasso, which broke subjects into geometric shapes. Other significant movements include Surrealism, which explored the unconscious mind and dream imagery, and Abstract Expressionism, emphasizing spontaneous, emotional expression. These movements challenged traditional art forms and encouraged artists to experiment with new techniques and ideas, shaping the landscape of contemporary art.