Microcephaly is a medical condition where a person's head is significantly smaller than expected for their age and sex. This smaller head size can be due to the brain not developing properly during pregnancy or not growing as it should after birth. It can be caused by genetic factors, infections during pregnancy, or exposure to harmful substances. Individuals with microcephaly may experience developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, or other neurological issues. The severity of symptoms can vary widely, with some individuals leading relatively normal lives while others may require ongoing support and care. Early diagnosis and intervention can help improve outcomes for those affected.