Medieval warfare refers to the military strategies and battles that took place in Europe from the 5th to the late 15th century. This period saw the rise of knights, who were heavily armored cavalrymen, and the use of castles for defense. Armies often included foot soldiers, archers, and siege engines, which were used to attack fortified positions. Key elements of medieval warfare included the use of swords, crossbows, and catapults. Battles were often fought over land, resources, or power, and tactics varied widely. The introduction of gunpowder in the late medieval period began to change the nature of warfare, leading to the decline of traditional knightly combat.