Medieval European politics was characterized by a feudal system, where land was owned by nobles who granted portions to vassals in exchange for military service. This hierarchy created a network of loyalty and obligation, with kings at the top, followed by lords, knights, and peasants. Power was often decentralized, leading to local rulers having significant authority. The Church, particularly the Catholic Church, played a crucial role in politics, influencing rulers and providing legitimacy. Conflicts, such as the Hundred Years' War between England and France, shaped territorial boundaries and power dynamics. Political alliances were often formed through marriages, further intertwining noble families.