Material characterization is the process of analyzing and understanding the properties of materials. This includes examining their structure, composition, and behavior under various conditions. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopy are commonly used to gather information about materials at the microscopic and atomic levels. The goal of material characterization is to determine how materials will perform in different applications, such as in construction, electronics, or medical devices. By understanding these properties, scientists and engineers can develop better materials and improve existing ones, leading to advancements in technology and industry.