Global supply chains refer to the interconnected networks that companies use to source materials, manufacture products, and distribute them worldwide. These chains involve various stages, including raw material extraction, production, and transportation, often spanning multiple countries. For example, a smartphone may have components sourced from China, South Korea, and Germany before being assembled in Vietnam. The efficiency of global supply chains allows businesses to reduce costs and improve product availability. However, they can also be vulnerable to disruptions, such as natural disasters or geopolitical tensions, which can impact the flow of goods and services across borders.