Geological materials are natural substances found in the Earth's crust, including rocks, minerals, and soils. These materials are formed through various geological processes, such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, and erosion. They play a crucial role in shaping landscapes and providing resources for human use, such as construction materials and minerals for technology. Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each type has distinct characteristics based on its formation process. Minerals, the building blocks of rocks, are defined by their chemical composition and crystal structure. Together, geological materials contribute to the Earth's dynamic systems and support ecosystems.