Gene expression studies focus on understanding how genes are turned on or off in cells. This process determines how much of a specific protein is produced, influencing various biological functions. Researchers use techniques like RNA sequencing and microarrays to measure the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA), which reflects gene activity. These studies are crucial for exploring how genes respond to different conditions, such as diseases or environmental changes. By analyzing gene expression patterns, scientists can identify potential biomarkers for conditions like cancer and develop targeted therapies, enhancing our understanding of genetics and molecular biology.