Formal sciences are branches of knowledge that focus on abstract concepts and logical reasoning rather than empirical observations. They include fields such as mathematics, logic, and computer science. These disciplines use formal systems and symbols to create theories and models that can be applied in various contexts. Unlike natural sciences, which study the physical world, formal sciences emphasize the structure and relationships of ideas. They provide essential tools for analyzing data and solving problems, making them foundational for other fields, including engineering and economics. Their principles are crucial for developing algorithms and understanding complex systems.