The exploration of Australia began in the early 17th century when European navigators, such as Willem Janszoon, first charted parts of the continent. Aboriginal Australians had inhabited the land for tens of thousands of years, but it wasn't until the arrival of explorers like James Cook in 1770 that significant European interest developed. Cook's voyages led to the mapping of the eastern coastline and the eventual establishment of British colonies. Throughout the 19th century, further exploration was conducted by figures like John McDouall Stuart and Charles Sturt, who ventured into the interior of Australia. Their expeditions helped to uncover the continent's diverse landscapes, including deserts, rivers, and mountain ranges, paving the way for future settlement and development.