Control algorithms are mathematical procedures used to manage and regulate the behavior of systems. They take input data, such as sensor readings, and process it to produce output signals that adjust the system's operation. Common applications include automated vehicles, industrial machinery, and climate control systems. These algorithms can be simple, like on-off control, or complex, like PID control (Proportional-Integral-Derivative). They help ensure that systems perform optimally by maintaining desired conditions, such as speed, temperature, or pressure, despite changes in the environment or system dynamics.