Bladder dysfunction refers to a range of conditions that affect the normal storage and release of urine. This can include issues like urinary incontinence, where individuals may experience involuntary leakage, or overactive bladder, characterized by a frequent and urgent need to urinate. These conditions can result from various factors, including nerve damage, infections, or certain medications. Diagnosis typically involves a medical history review, physical examination, and sometimes tests like urodynamic studies. Treatment options vary based on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, or pelvic floor exercises. In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to restore bladder function.