Biosensors are analytical devices that convert a biological response into an electrical signal. They typically consist of a biological element, such as enzymes or antibodies, that interacts with a specific substance, and a transducer that translates this interaction into measurable data. Biosensors are widely used in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. These devices can detect various substances, including glucose in blood for diabetes management or pathogens in food samples. The integration of nanotechnology and microelectronics has enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors, making them valuable tools in both research and clinical settings.