Ancient India refers to the period of Indian history from the Indus Valley Civilization, around 2500 BCE, to the end of the Gupta Empire, around 550 CE. This era saw the rise of major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, known for their advanced urban planning and drainage systems. The region was also home to significant developments in trade, agriculture, and the arts. During this time, important religious and philosophical ideas emerged, including Hinduism and Buddhism. The Maurya and Gupta empires were notable for their contributions to governance, science, and literature. Ancient India laid the foundation for many cultural and spiritual traditions that continue to influence the world today.