Ancient Egyptian civilization flourished along the banks of the Nile River for over 3,000 years, from around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It is known for its remarkable achievements in architecture, art, and writing, particularly through the use of hieroglyphics. The civilization was organized into a series of dynasties, with powerful rulers known as pharaohs who were considered both political and religious leaders. The Egyptians made significant advancements in various fields, including mathematics, medicine, and engineering. They built monumental structures like the pyramids and the Sphinx, which showcased their architectural skills. Religion played a central role in their society, with a belief in many gods and an emphasis on the afterlife, leading to elaborate burial practices.