Alkylation is a chemical process where an alkyl group, which is a type of hydrocarbon chain, is added to a molecule. This process is commonly used in organic chemistry to modify the properties of compounds, making them more useful in various applications, such as in the production of fuels and pharmaceuticals. In the petroleum industry, alkylation is crucial for producing high-octane gasoline. The process combines smaller hydrocarbons, like isobutane and olefins, to create larger, branched molecules that improve fuel quality. This enhances engine performance and reduces harmful emissions.