Isomerization is a chemical process where a molecule is transformed into another molecule with the same atoms but a different arrangement. This change can affect the physical and chemical properties of the substance, leading to variations in reactivity, boiling points, and solubility. Isomerization is important in various fields, including organic chemistry and biochemistry. In the context of petroleum refining, isomerization is used to convert straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched forms, which are more efficient as fuels. This process enhances the octane rating of gasoline, making it burn more smoothly in engines.