The Zhou Dynasty was a significant period in ancient Chinese history, lasting from around 1046 to 256 BCE. It is known for establishing the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which justified the ruler's authority as divinely sanctioned. The dynasty is divided into two main periods: the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou, with the latter further split into the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. During the Zhou Dynasty, advancements in technology, philosophy, and culture flourished. Notable philosophers like Confucius and Laozi emerged, influencing Chinese thought. The dynasty also saw the development of iron tools and agricultural techniques, which improved productivity and contributed to population growth.