Crystallography is the scientific study of crystals and their structures. It helps us understand how atoms are arranged in solid materials, which is crucial for fields like chemistry, physics, and materials science. By using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scientists can determine the precise arrangement of atoms in a crystal, revealing important information about its properties and behavior. This knowledge is essential for various applications, including the development of new materials and drugs. For instance, protein crystallography has been instrumental in drug design, allowing researchers to visualize the structure of proteins and understand how they interact with potential medications.