Water quality models are mathematical tools used to simulate and predict the behavior of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. These models help scientists and engineers understand how various factors, like pollution, temperature, and nutrient levels, affect water quality over time. By analyzing data, these models can forecast changes and assist in managing water resources effectively. These models can be categorized into different types, including empirical models, which rely on observed data, and mechanistic models, which are based on physical and chemical processes. They are essential for regulatory compliance, environmental protection, and sustainable water management practices.