Empirical models are mathematical representations that rely on observed data rather than theoretical assumptions. They are used to describe relationships between variables based on real-world measurements, making them useful in fields like economics, biology, and engineering. These models help predict outcomes by analyzing patterns in existing data. These models can be simple, like linear regression, or more complex, depending on the data and the relationships being studied. By focusing on actual observations, empirical models provide practical insights that can guide decision-making and improve understanding of various phenomena in the natural and social sciences.