Wafer fabrication is the process of creating semiconductor devices on a thin slice of material called a wafer. This process involves several steps, including photolithography, etching, and doping, to build up layers of materials that form electronic circuits. The goal is to produce integrated circuits that can be used in various electronic devices. During wafer fabrication, precise control of conditions is crucial to ensure the quality and performance of the final products. After fabrication, the wafers are tested and cut into individual chips, which are then packaged for use in products like smartphones, computers, and other electronic systems.