Volcanic phenomena refer to the various natural events and features associated with volcanoes. These include eruptions, lava flows, ash clouds, and volcanic gases. Eruptions can be explosive or effusive, depending on the magma's viscosity. When magma reaches the surface, it can create new landforms, such as lava domes or calderas. Another aspect of volcanic phenomena is the formation of volcanic rocks and minerals. As lava cools, it solidifies into different types of rock, such as basalt or pumice. Additionally, volcanic activity can lead to the creation of geothermal features like hot springs and geysers, which are often found in areas with significant volcanic activity.