The Vicksburg Campaign was a series of military operations during the American Civil War aimed at capturing the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi. This strategic location on the Mississippi River was crucial for controlling river traffic and supply routes. The campaign took place from late 1862 to July 1863, led by Union General Ulysses S. Grant. The campaign involved multiple battles and maneuvers, including the successful siege of Vicksburg, which began in May 1863. After weeks of fighting and deprivation, the Confederate forces, commanded by John C. Pemberton, surrendered on July 4, 1863. This victory gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River, significantly weakening the Confederacy.