The Umayyads were a prominent dynasty in early Islamic history, ruling from 661 to 750 CE. They were the first dynasty to govern the Islamic Caliphate after the Rashidun Caliphs. The Umayyad capital was established in Damascus, and their rule expanded the Islamic empire significantly, stretching from Spain in the west to India in the east. The Umayyads are known for their administrative innovations and architectural achievements, including the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. However, their reign faced criticism for perceived secularism and favoritism towards Arab Muslims, leading to discontent and eventual overthrow by the Abbasids.