Ukrainian Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates for a stateless society based on voluntary cooperation and mutual aid. It emerged in the early 20th century, particularly during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, when various anarchist groups sought to establish a society free from oppressive government structures. Key figures in Ukrainian Anarchism include Nestor Makhno, who led the Makhnovist movement, promoting peasant autonomy and workers' self-management. The movement aimed to create a decentralized federation of communities, emphasizing direct democracy and social equality, while resisting both Bolshevik and nationalist forces during the tumultuous period of the Russian Civil War.