Ujjain is a historic city located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is one of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism and is famous for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, which is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Ujjain is also known for hosting the Kumbh Mela, a major religious festival that occurs every 12 years, attracting millions of pilgrims. The city has a rich cultural heritage and is home to several ancient monuments and temples. It is situated on the banks of the Shipra River, which is considered holy. Ujjain's significance in astronomy is highlighted by its historical observatory, the Jantar Mantar, built in the 18th century.