Tunnel design involves planning and constructing underground passages for transportation, utilities, or other purposes. Engineers consider factors such as soil type, water table levels, and the intended use of the tunnel. Common methods include cut-and-cover and bored tunneling, each suited for different environments and requirements. Safety is a crucial aspect of tunnel design, requiring careful attention to ventilation, lighting, and emergency exits. Designers also assess potential impacts on surrounding areas, including ground stability and environmental effects. Overall, effective tunnel design ensures functionality while minimizing risks to both users and the environment.