Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) are large, specialized machines used to excavate tunnels through various types of soil and rock. They operate by rotating a circular cutting head that breaks up the material in front of them, allowing the machine to advance. TBMs are commonly used in the construction of underground transportation systems, such as subways and railways, as well as in utility tunnels. These machines can vary in size and design, depending on the project requirements. Some TBMs are equipped with advanced technology to monitor ground conditions and ensure safety during excavation. Their efficiency and precision make them essential tools in modern civil engineering, particularly for projects involving infrastructure development.