Tunisian history dates back to ancient times, with the establishment of the city of Carthage around 814 BC. This powerful city-state became a major center of trade and culture in the Mediterranean. It was known for its conflicts with Rome, particularly during the Punic Wars, which ultimately led to its destruction in 146 BC. Tunisia later became part of the Roman Empire, contributing to its rich historical legacy. In the following centuries, Tunisia experienced various influences, including Byzantine and Arab conquests. The arrival of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century marked a significant shift, leading to a period of relative stability. Tunisia gained independence from France in 1956, establishing itself as a republic and continuing to evolve politically and culturally in the modern era.