Tropical Race 4 is a strain of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum that affects banana plants, particularly the Cavendish variety. This pathogen causes a disease known as Panama disease, which leads to wilting and eventual death of the plants. It is a significant threat to global banana production, as it can persist in the soil for many years. First identified in Southeast Asia, Tropical Race 4 has spread to various regions, including Africa and the Middle East. The disease is challenging to manage due to its resilience and the lack of effective chemical treatments. Efforts are ongoing to develop resistant banana varieties and improve agricultural practices to combat its spread.