Thermoelectricity is the direct conversion of temperature differences into electrical energy. This phenomenon occurs in materials known as thermoelectric materials, which can generate voltage when there is a temperature gradient across them. The efficiency of this conversion is measured by a dimensionless figure of merit called ZT. Thermoelectric devices are used in various applications, including power generation and cooling systems. For instance, they can convert waste heat from industrial processes into usable electricity, contributing to energy efficiency. Additionally, they are employed in portable coolers and temperature control systems, showcasing their versatility in both energy production and thermal management.