Thermoelectric materials are substances that can convert temperature differences directly into electrical energy. They work based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is generated when one side of the material is heated while the other side remains cool. These materials are used in applications like power generation and cooling systems. These materials are characterized by their thermoelectric efficiency, often measured by a dimensionless figure of merit known as ZT. Common thermoelectric materials include bismuth telluride and lead telluride, which are effective at room temperature. Researchers are continually exploring new materials to improve performance and expand their applications.