Thermoelectric materials can convert temperature differences directly into electrical energy. This process is based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is generated when one side of a material is heated while the other side remains cool. These materials are used in various applications, including power generation and cooling systems. In addition to power generation, thermoelectric devices can also be used for temperature measurement and control. They are often found in thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers, which are used in electronics and refrigeration. The efficiency of these materials is a key area of research in energy technology.