The history of Scotland dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human settlement as early as 8500 BC. The region was inhabited by various tribes, including the Picts and Gaels. In the 9th century, the Kingdom of Scotland was formed, uniting different clans and tribes under a single monarchy. Throughout the Middle Ages, Scotland faced invasions from the Vikings and conflicts with England. The famous battles of Stirling Bridge and Bannockburn in the 14th century, led by figures like William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, were pivotal in establishing Scotland's independence. The country later entered a union with England in 1707, forming Great Britain.