The First Anglo-Afghan War took place from 1839 to 1842, involving the British Empire and the Kingdom of Afghanistan. The conflict arose from British concerns about Russian expansion in Central Asia and the desire to establish a friendly government in Afghanistan. The British initially succeeded in capturing the capital, Kabul, and installing a puppet ruler, Shuja Shah Durrani. However, the situation deteriorated as local resistance grew, leading to a disastrous retreat in 1842. The British forces faced harsh conditions and attacks from Afghan tribes, resulting in significant casualties. Ultimately, the war ended in a humiliating defeat for the British, highlighting the challenges of imperial expansion.